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University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
University of Washington
University of Hawai'i at Manoa
University of South Carolina
Purdue University
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Saint Louis University School of Public Health
University of Hawai'i at Manoa
University of Washington
This study explores processes and policies that facilitate the development of community trails. With funding from Active Living Research and the research framework of the Physical Activity Policy Research Network (PAPRN), we conducted a multiple-site case study. A total of six trails in Hawaii, Massachusetts, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Washington were chosen for study. The goals of this case study were to identify the policy influences on trail development, explore the roles of key players in trail development, and compare and contrast findings from the different trails. Trail development can be a long process. Some of the trails took over a decade to complete because of funding, opposition, and roadblocks in the form of design standard policies. Work in trail development requires a team of many players, and it is necessary to balance their varied motives to accomplish a shared overall goal. Foresight through the master planning process is also a vital component of successful trail development. Finally, community involvement is key. Communities contemplating trail development should explore the effects of policy on the trail projects reported here to proactively identify potential influence.
Brownson, R. C., L. Hagood, S. L. Lovegreen, B. Britton, N. M. Caito, M. B. Elliott, J. Emery, et al. 2005. A Multilevel Ecological Approach to Promoting Walking in Rural Communities. Preventive Medicine 41: 837-842.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Brownson, R., D. Haire-Joshu, and D. Luke. 2006. Shaping the Context of Health: A Review of Environmental and Policy Approaches in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Annual Review of Public Health 27: 341-370.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Brownson, R., R. Housemann, D. Brown, J. Jackson-Thompson, A. King, B. Malone, and J. Sallis. 2000. Promoting Physical Activity in Rural Communities: Walking Trail Access, Use, and Effects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 18: 235-241.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Bull, F., R. Milligan, M. Rosenberg, and H. MacGowan. 2000. Physical Activity Levels of Western Australian Adults 1999. Perth, Australia: Health Department of Western Australia and Sport and Recreation Way2Go.
Economos, C., R. Brownson, M. DeAngelis, S. Foerster, C. Foreman, J. Gregson, S. Kumanyika, and R. Pate. 2001. What Lessons Have Been Learned from Other Attempts to Guide Social Change? Nutrition Reviews 59: S40-S56.[Web of Science][Medline]
Evenson, K., A. Herring, and S. Huston. 2005. Evaluating Change in Physical Activity with the Building of a Multi-use Trail. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28: 177-185.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Ewing, R., S. Handy, R. Brownson, O. Clemente, and E. Winston. 2006. Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3 (suppl. 1): S223-S240.
Eyler, A., R. Brownson, S. Bacak, and R. Housemann. 2003. The Epidemiology of Walking for Physical Activity in the United States. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35: 1529-1536.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Federal Highway Administration. 2003. Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2003: A Legacy for Users. www.fhwa.dot.gov/reauthorization/safetea_bill.pdf.
Kingdon, J. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York: Harper-Collins.
Lee, C., and A. V. Moudon. 2006. Correlates of Walking for Transportation or Recreation Purposes. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3 (suppl. 1): S77-S98.
Pikora, T., B. Giles-Corti, M. Knuiman, F. Bull, K. Jamrozik, and R. Donovan. 2006. Neighborhood Environmental Factors Correlated with Walking near Home: Using SPACES. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38: 708-714.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Saint Louis University School of Public Health Prevention Research Center. 2005. Physical Activity Policy Research Network (PAPRN). prc.slu.edu/paprn.htm (accessed November 13, 2007).
Schmid, T., M. Pratt, and L. Witmer. 2006. A Framework for Physical Activity Policy Research. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3 (suppl. 1): S20-S29.
Siegel, P., R. Brackbill, and G. Heath. 1995. The Epidemiology of Walking for Exercise: Implications for Promoting Activity among Sedentary Groups. American Journal of Public Health 85: 706-710.
Troped, P. J., R. P. Saunders, R. R. Pate, B. Reininger, J. R. Ureda, and S. J. Thompson. 2001. Associations between Self-reported and Objective Physical Environmental Factors and Use of a Community Rail-Trail. Preventive Medicine 32: 191-200.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. United States Census 2000 Demographic Profiles. October 31. www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2002/demoprofiles.html.
Wiggs, I., R. Brownson, and E. Baker. 2006. If You Build It, They Will Come: Lessons from Developing Walking Trails in Rural Missouri. Health Promotion Practice, June 30. doi: 10.1177/1524839906289233. hpp.sagepub.com/cgi/rapidpdf/1524839906289233v1.
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